2024 Cell signaling tech - About Cell Signaling Technology Cell Signaling Technology (CST) is a different kind of life sciences company—one founded, owned, and run by active research scientists, with the highest standards of product and service quality, technological innovation, and scientific rigor. Founded in 1999 and headquartered in Danvers, …

 
 Specificity / Sensitivity. Phospho-Stat3 (Tyr705) (D3A7) XP ® Rabbit mAb detects endogenous levels of Stat3 only when phosphorylated at tyrosine 705. This antibody does not cross-react with phospho-EGFR or the corresponding phospho-tyrosines of other Stat proteins. . Cell signaling tech

If using antibodies from Cell Signaling Technology, please see recommended dilution listed on the datasheet or product webpage and calculate the amount (µg) of IgG antibody for negative control based on … Specificity / Sensitivity. Phospho-Stat3 (Tyr705) (D3A7) XP ® Rabbit mAb detects endogenous levels of Stat3 only when phosphorylated at tyrosine 705. This antibody does not cross-react with phospho-EGFR or the corresponding phospho-tyrosines of other Stat proteins. Background. TAK1 is a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase that can be activated by TGF-β, bone morphogenetic protein and other cytokines including IL-1 (1,2). In vivo activation of TAK1 requires association with TAK1 binding protein 1 (TAB1), which triggers phosphorylation of TAK1 (3,4).Our goal is to understand how signaling pathways are integrated at the molecular and systems levels to control cellular responses. We have two main focuses: First, we study …If using antibodies from Cell Signaling Technology, please see recommended dilution listed on the datasheet or product webpage and calculate the amount (µg) of IgG antibody for negative control based on the Cell Signaling Antibody concentration for a fair comparison. Incubate IP samples 4 h to overnight at 4°C with rotation.The p44/42 MAPK (Erk1/2) signaling pathway can be activated in response to a diverse range of extracellular stimuli, including mitogens, growth factors, and cytokines (1-3), and research investigators consider it an important target in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer (4). Upon stimulation, a sequential three-part protein kinase cascade is ...Flow cytometric analysis of HeLa (blue) and Karpas620 cells (green) using Blimp-1/PRDI-BF1 (C14A4) Rabbit mAb (solid lines) or a concentration-matched Rabbit (DA1E) mAb IgG XP ® Isotype Control #3900 (dashed lines). Anti-rabbit IgG (H+L), F (ab') 2 Fragment (Alexa Fluor ® 488 Conjugate) #4412 was used as a secondary antibody. Western blot ...The p53 tumor suppressor protein plays a major role in cellular response to DNA damage and other genomic aberrations. Activation of p53 can lead to either cell cycle arrest and DNA repair or apoptosis (1). p53 is phosphorylated at multiple sites in vivo and by several different protein kinases in vitro (2,3).CUT&RUN was performed with 100,000, 10,000, or 5,000 HCT 116 cells (as indicated) and Tri-Methyl-Histone H3 (Lys4) (C42D8) Rabbit mAb #9751, using the CUT&RUN Assay Kit. DNA Libraries were prepared using DNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina ® (ChIP-seq, CUT&RUN) #56795. This figure shows enrichment around the GAPDH gene, a known …Monoclonal Antibody for studying H3 (Ser10) phosphate. Cited in 372 publications. Validated for WB, IF, F. Available in 2 sizes. Highly specific and rigorously validated in-house, Phospho-Histone H3 (Ser10) (D2C8) XP® Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody (CST #3377) is … For reproducible data, Cell Signaling Technology (CST) offers rigorously validated and reliable products including antibodies, reagents, and kits for biological research. We have a substantial portfolio of products to interrogate mechanisms of cellular health and disease. Whether in the fields of cancer, immunology, infectious disease ... Product Description. This Cell Signaling Technology antibody is conjugated to phycoerythrin (PE) fluorescent dye under optimal conditions and tested in-house for direct flow cytometric analysis in human cells. This antibody conjugate is expected to exhibit the same reactivity as the unconjugated G4S Linker (E7O2V) Rabbit mAb #71645, which is ... CD31 (Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1: PECAM-1), a member of the Ig superfamily of cell adhesion molecules, is expressed by circulating platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, some T cells, and endothelial cells and modulates cell adhesion, endothelial cell migration, and angiogenesis (1). CD31 is phosphorylated on Tyr686 at the ... CD22 (also known as siglec-2) is a member of the sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectin (Siglec) family of immunomodulatory receptors. CD22 can bind to its ligand α 2,6-linked sialic acid on different cells (trans interaction) as well as on the same cells (cis interaction). CD22 is predominantly expressed on B cells and functions as an ... Lane 1 is 10% input, lane 2 is USP10 (D7A5) Rabbit mAb #8501, and lane 3 is Rabbit (DA1E) mAb IgG XP ® Isotype Control. Western blot analysis was perfomed using USP10 (D7A5) Rabbit mAb #8501. Anti-rabbit IgG, HRP-linked Antibody #7074 was used as a secondary antibody. Show More. This is true whether the cell is a single-celled organism or part of a larger, more complex multicellular organism. Cells communicate with their environment through a process called signaling. Cell signaling is how the cell collects information and then responds with an action at the correct time. Signaling is the initial event associated with ...Polyclonal Antibody for studying H3 (Ser10) phosphate. Cited in 1110 publications. Validated for WB, IHC, IF. Available in 2 sizes. Highly specific and rigorously validated in-house, Phospho-Histone H3 (Ser10) Antibody (CST #9701) is ready to ship.Background. TAK1 is a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase that can be activated by TGF-β, bone morphogenetic protein and other cytokines including IL-1 (1,2). In vivo activation of TAK1 requires association with TAK1 binding protein 1 (TAB1), which triggers phosphorylation of TAK1 (3,4).The p44/42 MAPK (Erk1/2) signaling pathway can be activated in response to a diverse range of extracellular stimuli, including mitogens, growth factors, and cytokines (1-3), and research investigators consider it an important target in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer (4). Upon stimulation, a sequential three-part protein kinase cascade is ...The amount of immunoprecipitated DNA in each sample is represented as signal relative to the total amount of input chromatin, which is equivalent to one. CUT&Tag was performed with Hep G2 cells treated with Thapsigargin #12758 (300nM) for 4h and ATF-4 (D4B8) Rabbit mAb, using CUT&Tag Assay Kit #77552.Immediately scrape the cells off the plate and transfer the extract to a microcentrifuge tube. Keep on ice. Sonicate for 10–15 sec to complete cell lysis and shear DNA (to reduce sample viscosity). Heat a 20 µl sample to 95–100°C for 5 min; cool on ice. Microcentrifuge for 5 min.Western blot analysis of extracts from various cell lines using GAPDH (14C10) Rabbit mAb. Simple Western™ analysis of lysates (0.01 mg/mL) from HeLa cells using GAPDH (14C10) Rabbit mAb #2118. The virtual lane view (left) shows a single target band (as indicated) at 1:10 and 1:50 dilutions of primary antibody.Actin filaments have been labeled with DY-554 phalloidin (red). Flow cytometric analysis of HeLa cells (blue) and NTERA-2 cells (green) using Nanog (D73G4) XP ® Rabbit mAb. Western blot analysis of extracts from NCCIT, NTERA-2 and iPS cells using Nanog (D73G4) XP ® Rabbit mAb. Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human …Lanes 1 & 2 are 5% input. Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of NCI-H1299 cells, untreated (left) or λ-phosphatase-treated (right), using Phospho-DRP1 (Ser616) Antibody (green). Actin filaments have been labeled with DY-554 phallodin (red). Blue pseudocolor = DRAQ5 ® (fluorescent DNA dye).Lane 1 is 10% input, lane 2 is USP18 (D4E7) Rabbit mAb, and lane 3 is Rabbit (DA1E) mAb IgG XP ® Isotype Control #3900. Western blot analysis was perfomed using USP18 (D4E7) Rabbit mAb. Anti-rabbit IgG, HRP-linked Antibody #7074 was used as a secondary antibody. To Purchase # 4813. Cat. Checking the Cell Signaling Technology ® (CST ®) website, you are in luck! There are mouse reactive flow-validated antibody conjugates available against each target: CD4 and TCRβ . While you know that each protein is found at the plasma membrane, you need to check whether the antibodies recognize extracellular or intracellular portions of each. Background. Phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) α subunit is a well-documented mechanism to downregulate protein synthesis under a variety of stress conditions. eIF2 binds GTP and Met-tRNAi and transfers Met-tRNA to the 40S subunit to form the 43S preinitiation complex (1,2). eIF2 promotes a new round of translation ... Species Cross-Reactivity Key: Polyclonal Antibody for studying eNOS. Cited in 167 publications. Validated for Western Blotting. Highly specific and rigorously validated in-house, eNOS Antibody (CST #9572) is ready to ship. Application Key: WB-Western IP-Immunoprecipitation IHC-Immunohistochemistry ChIP-Chromatin Immunoprecipitation IF-Immunofluorescence F-Flow Cytometry Species Cross-Reactivity Key: Partnerships & Licensing. As a trusted partner, CST is focused on building symbiotic relationships to maximize the value of products, technology, and intellectual property; whether ours or our partner’s. True innovation is collaborative. We have broad interest in technology licensing, scientific and technical collaborations, and commercial ...Monoclonal Antibody for studying H3 (Ser10) phosphate. Cited in 454 publications. Validated for WB, IF, IF, F. Available in 2 sizes. Highly specific and rigorously validated in-house, Phospho-Histone H3 (Ser10) (6G3) Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (CST #9706) is …Lane 1 is 10% input, lane 2 is USP18 (D4E7) Rabbit mAb, and lane 3 is Rabbit (DA1E) mAb IgG XP ® Isotype Control #3900. Western blot analysis was perfomed using USP18 (D4E7) Rabbit mAb. Anti-rabbit IgG, HRP-linked Antibody #7074 was used as a secondary antibody. To Purchase # 4813. Cat.Flow cytometric analysis of Jurkat cells, untreated (green) or treated with LY294002 #9901, Wortmannin #9951, and U0126 #9903 (50 μM, 1 μM, and 10 μM, 2 hr; blue) using Phospho-S6 Ribosomal Protein (Ser235/236) Antibody (solid lines) or concentration-matched Rabbit (DA1E) mAb IgG XP ® Isotype Control #3900 (dashed lines). Anti-rabbit IgG …Specificity and sensitivity of Phospho-p44/42 MAPK (Erk1/2) (Thr202/Tyr204) Antibody. The antibody reacts specifically with as little as 0.25 ng of phosphorylated p42 MAP kinase and does not cross-react with up to 4 µg of nonphosphorylated p42 MAP kinase. Western blot analysis of whole-cell extracts from unstarved wild-type mouse embryonic ...Specificity / Sensitivity. Cleaved Caspase-3 (Asp175) (5A1E) Rabbit mAb detects endogenous levels of the large fragment (17/19 kDa) of activated caspase-3 resulting from cleavage adjacent to Asp175. This antibody does not recognize full-length caspase-3 or other cleaved caspases.If using antibodies from Cell Signaling Technology, please see recommended dilution listed on the datasheet or product webpage and calculate the amount (µg) of IgG antibody for negative control based on the Cell Signaling Antibody concentration for a fair comparison. Incubate IP samples 4 h to overnight at 4°C with rotation.p70 S6 kinase is a mitogen activated Ser/Thr protein kinase that is required for cell growth and G1 cell cycle progression (1,2). p70 S6 kinase phosphorylates the S6 protein of the 40S ribosomal subunit and is involved in translational control of 5' oligopyrimidine tract mRNAs (1). A second isoform, p85 S6 kinase, is derived from the same gene ... Checking the Cell Signaling Technology ® (CST ®) website, you are in luck! There are mouse reactive flow-validated antibody conjugates available against each target: CD4 and TCRβ . While you know that each protein is found at the plasma membrane, you need to check whether the antibodies recognize extracellular or intracellular portions of each. Immediately scrape the cells off the plate and transfer the extract to a microcentrifuge tube. Keep on ice. Sonicate for 10–15 sec to complete cell lysis and shear DNA (to reduce sample viscosity). Heat a 20 µl sample to 95–100°C for 5 min; cool on ice. Microcentrifuge for 5 min.Videos & Webinars | Cell Signaling Technology. USA. Technical Support +1-877-678-8324. Contact Us. PhosphoSitePlus ®. Register Sign In. Quick Add.Dana Seehale joined Cell Signaling Technology in February 2017 as Director, Lab Informatics, responsible for multiple technologies supporting Product Development and Production, including PDP/PLM, Core LIMS, and Jira. Her responsibilities were later expanded to include the PIM/STEP system and the Oracle EBS/EPortal platforms. Dana is now ... Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., Danvers, Massachusetts. 23,081 likes · 21 talking about this. Cell Signaling Technology develops and produces antibodies, kits, and reagents used to study the cell... Place the tubes on the magnetic rack until the solution turns clear (30 sec to 2 min) and then remove the liquid. Remove tubes from magnetic rack. Add 50 µl of pAG-MNase pre-mix to each tube and gently mix the sample by pipetting up and down. Incubate tubes at 4°C for 1 …Cell biology research seeks to understand all aspects of cell growth, survival, and death in the contexts of both health and disease. Understanding the complex and dynamic cellular landscape can provide insights into healthy and disease states. Cell Signaling Technology (CST) provides a diverse and comprehensive catalog of rigorously tested and ...Storage. Supplied in 10 mM sodium HEPES (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCl, 100 µg/ml BSA, 50% glycerol and less than 0.02% sodium azide. Store at –20°C. Do not aliquot the antibody. For a carrier free (BSA and azide free) version of this product see product # 31235.Immediately scrape the cells off the plate and transfer the extract to a microcentrifuge tube. Keep on ice. Sonicate for 10–15 sec to complete cell lysis and shear DNA (to reduce sample viscosity). Heat a 20 µl sample to 95–100°C for 5 min; cool on ice. Microcentrifuge for 5 min.Western blot analysis of extracts from various cell lines using Alix (E6P9B) Rabbit mAb. Immunoprecipitation of Alix from K-562 cell extracts. Lane 1 is 10% input, lane 2 is Rabbit (DA1E) mAb IgG XP ® Isotype Control, and lane 3 is Alix (E6P9B) Rabbit mAb. Western blot was performed using Alix (E6P9B) Rabbit mAb. At Cell Signaling Technology (CST), we have developed a panel of detection reagents that are designed to recognize a broad range of CARs: Anti-CAR linker antibodies. These first-to-market reagents can be incorporated into multiparametric flow panels for monitoring CAR expression, trafficking, and persistence in preclinical models. Wash sections in wash buffer for 5 min. Block each section with 100–400 µl of preferred blocking solution for 1 hr at room temperature. Remove blocking solution and add 100–400 µl primary antibody diluted in SignalStain ® Antibody Diluent ( #8112) to each section. Incubate overnight at 4°C.The Rb (4H1) Mouse mAb confirms silencing of Rb expression, while the α-Tubulin (11H10) Rabbit mAb is used to control for loading and specificity of Rb siRNA. Western blot analysis of extracts from COS-7 cells, untreated or hydroxyurea-treated (G1/S), using Rb (4H1) Mouse mAb. Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human breast ...Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2, KDR, Flk-1) is a major receptor for VEGF-induced signaling in endothelial cells. Upon ligand binding, VEGFR2 undergoes autophosphorylation and becomes activated (1). Major autophosphorylation sites of VEGFR2 are located in the kinase insert domain (Tyr951/996) and in the tyrosine kinase ... Three human LC3 isoforms (LC3A, LC3B, and LC3C) undergo posttranslational modifications during autophagy (6-9). Cleavage of LC3 at the carboxy terminus immediately following synthesis yields the cytosolic LC3-I form. During autophagy, LC3-I is converted to LC3-II through lipidation by a ubiquitin-like system involving Atg7 and Atg3 that allows ... Contact Technical Support. Hours: 8:00 AM - 6:00 PM (EST) Phone: 877-678-8324. Email: [email protected]. Learn & Support. Use this Directory to navigate to a wealth of informative resources about molecular targets and the protocols and tools needed to study them efficiently. Under …DIVERSITY, EQUITY, & INCLUSION. CST understands the importance of a safe and diverse workplace. Different perspectives and ideas drive collaboration and innovation. By providing an inclusive and stimulating work environment, we aim to establish human dignity and meaningful work as an essential part of our culture. Embrace the. culture.Western blot analysis of extracts from CAD cells and neonatal mouse brain using Synapsin-1 (D12G5) XP ® Rabbit mAb. Simple Western™ analysis of lysates (0.1 mg/mL) from CAD cells using Synapsin-1 (D12G5) XP Rabbit mAb #5297. The virtual lane view (left) shows the target band (as indicated) at 1:10 and 1:50 dilutions of primary antibody.Product Description. This Cell Signaling Technology antibody is conjugated to Alexa Fluor ® 647 fluorescent dye and tested in-house for direct flow cytometric analysis in human cells. This antibody is expected to exhibit the same species cross-reactivity as the unconjugated BiP (C50B12) Rabbit mAb #3177.Western blot analysis of extracts from various cell lines using GCN5L2 (C26A10) Rabbit mAb. Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of HeLa cells using GCN5L2 (C26A10) Rabbit mAb (green). Actin filaments have been labeled with DY554 phalloidin (red). Blue pseudocolor = DRAQ5 ™ (fluorescent DNA dye). To Purchase # 3305. Cat.Western blot analysis of extracts from control HeLa cells (lane 1) or Caspase-8 knockout HeLa cells (lane 2) using Caspase-8 (1C12) Mouse mAb #9746 (upper), or β-actin (13E5) Rabbit mAb #4970 (lower). The absence of signal in the Caspase-8-knockout HeLa cells confirms specificity of the antibody for Caspase-8.The p44/42 MAPK (Erk1/2) signaling pathway can be activated in response to a diverse range of extracellular stimuli, including mitogens, growth factors, and cytokines (1-3), and research investigators consider it an important target in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer (4). Upon stimulation, a sequential three-part protein kinase cascade is ...Storage. Supplied in 10 mM sodium HEPES (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCl, 100 µg/ml BSA, 50% glycerol and less than 0.02% sodium azide. Store at –20°C. Do not aliquot the antibody. For a carrier free (BSA and azide free) version of this product see product # 31235.Confocal immunofluorescent images of HUVEC cells untreated (left) or stimulated with Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) #9943 (right) and labeled with Phospho-VEGF Receptor 2 (Tyr1175) (19A10) Rabbit mAb #2478 (top, green) and VEGF Receptor 2 (55B11) Rabbit mAb (bottom, green). Blue pseudocolor = DRAQ5 ® (fluorescent DNA dye).p70 S6 kinase is a mitogen activated Ser/Thr protein kinase that is required for cell growth and G1 cell cycle progression (1,2). p70 S6 kinase phosphorylates the S6 protein of the 40S ribosomal subunit and is involved in translational control of 5' oligopyrimidine tract mRNAs (1). A second isoform, p85 S6 kinase, is derived from the same gene ... Checking the Cell Signaling Technology ® (CST ®) website, you are in luck! There are mouse reactive flow-validated antibody conjugates available against each target: CD4 and TCRβ . While you know that each protein is found at the plasma membrane, you need to check whether the antibodies recognize extracellular or intracellular portions of each. Background. TAK1 is a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase that can be activated by TGF-β, bone morphogenetic protein and other cytokines including IL-1 (1,2). In vivo activation of TAK1 requires association with TAK1 binding protein 1 (TAB1), which triggers phosphorylation of TAK1 (3,4). Simple Western™ analysis of lysates (0.1 mg/mL) from Jurkat cells treated with Cytochrome C using Cleaved Caspase-3 (Asp175) Antibody #9661. The virtual lane view (left) shows two target bands (as indicated) at 1:10 and 1:50 dilutions of primary antibody. At Cell Signaling Technology (CST), we have developed a panel of detection reagents that are designed to recognize a broad range of CARs: Anti-CAR linker antibodies. These first-to-market reagents can be incorporated into multiparametric flow panels for monitoring CAR expression, trafficking, and persistence in preclinical models. Specificity / Sensitivity. Cleaved Caspase-3 (Asp175) (5A1E) Rabbit mAb detects endogenous levels of the large fragment (17/19 kDa) of activated caspase-3 resulting from cleavage adjacent to Asp175. This antibody does not recognize full-length caspase-3 or other cleaved caspases. For reproducible data, Cell Signaling Technology (CST) offers rigorously validated and reliable products including antibodies, reagents, and kits for biological research. We have a substantial portfolio of products to interrogate mechanisms of cellular health and disease. Whether in the fields of cancer, immunology, infectious disease ... Cell Signaling Technology poster included with each book. The two-sided poster details important signaling pathways. Chapter 12, How Cells Make Decisions , offers a unique visual and interrogative approach that explores four key signaling pathways from teh organismal to molecular levels. PLCγ2 is engaged in antigen-dependent signaling in B cells and collagen-dependent signaling in platelets. Phosphorylation by Btk or Lck at Tyr753, 759, 1197 and 1217 is correlated with PLCγ2 activity (9,10). Singer, W.D. et al. (1997) Annu Rev Biochem 66, 475-509. Smrcka, A.V. et al. (1991) Science 251, 804-7.Polyclonal Antibody for studying H3 (Ser10) phosphate. Cited in 1110 publications. Validated for WB, IHC, IF. Available in 2 sizes. Highly specific and rigorously validated in-house, Phospho-Histone H3 (Ser10) Antibody (CST #9701) is ready to ship. CiteAb’s 2022 analysis shows Cell Signaling Technology has maintained a leading position as the vendor with the most antibodies in the top 100. This figure now stands at 36, an increase of one over 2021, which is double that of the second most cited supplier. In addition, our antibodies now hold all three top spots, with our Anti-rabbit IgG ... Western blot analysis of extracts from control HeLa cells (lane 1) or Vimentin knockout HeLa cells (lane 2) using Vimentin (D21H3) XP ® Rabbit mAb #5741 (upper) or β-Actin (13E5) Rabbit mAb #4970 (lower). The absence of signal in the Vimentin knockout HeLa cells confirms specificity of the antibody for Vimentin. Show More.Supplied in 10 mM sodium HEPES (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCl, 100 µg/ml BSA, 50% glycerol and less than 0.02% sodium azide. Store at –20°C. Do not aliquot the antibody. For a carrier free (BSA and azide free) version of this product see product # 63411.Lab Expectations. The official blog of Cell Signaling Technology (CST) where we discuss what to expect from your time at the bench, share tips, tricks, and information. Cell Signaling Technology poster included with each book. The two-sided poster details important signaling pathways. Chapter 12, How Cells Make Decisions , offers a unique visual and interrogative approach that explores four key signaling pathways from teh organismal to molecular levels. If using antibodies from Cell Signaling Technology, please see recommended dilution listed on the datasheet or product webpage and calculate the amount (µg) of IgG antibody for negative control based on the Cell Signaling Antibody concentration for a fair comparison. Incubate IP samples 4 h to overnight at 4°C with rotation.Western blot analysis of extracts from control HeLa cells (lane 1) or Vimentin knockout HeLa cells (lane 2) using Vimentin (D21H3) XP ® Rabbit mAb #5741 (upper) or β-Actin (13E5) Rabbit mAb #4970 (lower). The absence of signal in the Vimentin knockout HeLa cells confirms specificity of the antibody for Vimentin. Show More. Aliquoting of 10x buffer is recommended if many small experiments are to be performed. 2. Thaw 10x buffer at 24-30°C, mixing end-over-end. 3. Dilute 10X Cell Lysis Buffer to a 1X solution using ddH2O. This product supplies enough 10X material to make 150mls of whole cell extract. 4. Chill 1X buffer on ice and add PMSF just prior to use. Polyclonal Antibody for studying Flag-Tag. Cited in 774 publications. Validated for WB, IP, F. Available in 2 sizes. Highly specific and rigorously validated in-house, DYKDDDDK Tag Antibody (Binds to same epitope as Sigma-Aldrich Anti-FLAG M2 antibody) (CST #2368) is …Cell Signaling Technology poster included with each book. The two-sided poster details important signaling pathways. Chapter 12, How Cells Make Decisions, offers a unique visual and interrogative approach that …Directions for Use: Wash membrane-bound HRP (antibody conjugate) three times for 5 minutes in TBST. Prepare 1X SignalFire™ ECL Reagent ( #6883) by diluting one part 2X Reagent A and one part 2X Reagent B (e.g. for 10 ml, add 5 ml Reagent A and 5 ml Reagent B). Mix well. Cell-cell signaling involves the transmission of a signal from a sending cell to a receiving cell. However, not all sending and receiving cells are next-door neighbors, nor do all cell pairs exchange signals in the same way. There are four basic categories of chemical signaling found in multicellular organisms: paracrine signaling, autocrine ... If using antibodies from Cell Signaling Technology, please see recommended dilution listed on the datasheet or product webpage and calculate the amount (µg) of IgG antibody for negative control based on the Cell Signaling Antibody concentration for a fair comparison. Incubate IP samples 4 h to overnight at 4°C with rotation.The Rb (4H1) Mouse mAb confirms silencing of Rb expression, while the α-Tubulin (11H10) Rabbit mAb is used to control for loading and specificity of Rb siRNA. Western blot analysis of extracts from COS-7 cells, untreated or hydroxyurea-treated (G1/S), using Rb (4H1) Mouse mAb. Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human breast ...The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of proteases that target many extracellular proteins including other proteases, growth factors, cell surface receptors, and adhesion molecules (1). Among the family members, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, and MMP-9 have been characterized as important factors for normal tissue remodeling during embryonic ...About Cell Signaling Technology Cell Signaling Technology (CST) is a different kind of life sciences company—one founded, owned, and run by active research scientists, with the highest standards of product and service quality, technological innovation, and scientific rigor. Founded in 1999 and headquartered in Danvers, …Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of HEK293 (positive, left) and PANC-1 (negative, right) cells, using NKX2.5 (E1Y8H) Rabbit mAb (green). Actin filaments were labeled with DyLight ™ 554 Phalloidin #13054 (red). Blue pseudocolor = DRAQ5 ® #4084 (fluorescent DNA dye).At Cell Signaling Technology (CST), we have developed a panel of detection reagents that are designed to recognize a broad range of CARs: Anti-CAR linker antibodies. …Tap e sports, Precision camera austin, Dr michelle henry, Big 98, Ace u pull it jacksonville florida, Haas toyota country, Animal foundation, Babys all right, Lucky dog tv show, Roth's, Audiobook creation exchange, Emerald city guitars seattle, Diotroxin, Kodak center rochester ny

Our goal is to understand how signaling pathways are integrated at the molecular and systems levels to control cellular responses. We have two main focuses: First, we study …. Gamecock womens basketball

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Polyclonal Antibody for studying Flag-Tag. Cited in 774 publications. Validated for WB, IP, F. Available in 2 sizes. Highly specific and rigorously validated in-house, DYKDDDDK Tag Antibody (Binds to same epitope as Sigma-Aldrich Anti-FLAG M2 antibody) (CST #2368) is … Applications. Scientists at Cell Signaling Technology (CST) use a combination of several approaches to validate antibodies in a number of applications, to provide you with the highest quality and most thoroughly tested reagents. The majority of our products are initially tested and approved by western blotting. If western analysis shows a ... Lane 1 is 10% input, lane 2 is USP18 (D4E7) Rabbit mAb, and lane 3 is Rabbit (DA1E) mAb IgG XP ® Isotype Control #3900. Western blot analysis was perfomed using USP18 (D4E7) Rabbit mAb. Anti-rabbit IgG, HRP-linked Antibody #7074 was used as a secondary antibody. To Purchase # 4813. Cat.Western blot analysis of extracts from control HeLa cells (lane 1) or Vimentin knockout HeLa cells (lane 2) using Vimentin (D21H3) XP ® Rabbit mAb #5741 (upper) or β-Actin (13E5) Rabbit mAb #4970 (lower). The absence of signal in the Vimentin knockout HeLa cells confirms specificity of the antibody for Vimentin. Show More. ELISA: An Introduction. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) allows for the quantification of a molecule of interest using antibodies and tags (such as the enzyme horseradish peroxidase [HRP]), either directly or indirectly coupled to the antibody for detection. ELISA can be used with a variety of sample types, such as cell lysate, tissue ... Poster: Signaling Pathways | Cell Signaling Technology. This poster provides a comprehensive overview of the major signaling pathways involved in cell growth, survival, differentiation, and stress responses. Download the PDF to explore the key molecules and interactions that regulate these pathways and their implications for human health and …Cyclin D is degraded through the ubiquitin proteasome pathway in the absence of mitogenic signaling. Ubiquitination of cyclin D1 is enhanced by phosphorylation at Thr286 by glycogen synthase kinase 3b (GSK-3b) (1). p27/Kip1, p57 Kip2 and p21 Waf1/Cip1 are members of the Cip/Kip family of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors.Three human LC3 isoforms (LC3A, LC3B, and LC3C) undergo posttranslational modifications during autophagy (6-9). Cleavage of LC3 at the carboxy terminus immediately following synthesis yields the cytosolic … Applications. Scientists at Cell Signaling Technology (CST) use a combination of several approaches to validate antibodies in a number of applications, to provide you with the highest quality and most thoroughly tested reagents. The majority of our products are initially tested and approved by western blotting. If western analysis shows a ... Cell Signaling Technology has an overall rating of 4.5 out of 5, based on over 132 reviews left anonymously by employees. 96% of employees would recommend working at Cell Signaling Technology to a friend and 96% have a positive outlook for the business. This rating has improved by 2% over the last 12 months.If using antibodies from Cell Signaling Technology, please see recommended dilution listed on the datasheet or product webpage and calculate the amount (µg) of IgG antibody for negative control based on the Cell Signaling Antibody concentration for a fair comparison. Incubate IP samples 4 h to overnight at 4°C with rotation. Incubate membrane with Anti-mouse IgG, HRP-linked Antibody ( #7076 at 1:2000) and Anti-biotin, HRP-linked Antibody ( #7075 at 1:1000–1:3000) to detect biotinylated protein markers in 10 ml of blocking buffer with gentle agitation for 1 hr at room temperature. Wash three times for 5 min each with 15 ml of TBST. Proceed with detection (Section D). Our Approach/Process. As a privately held company founded and led by active research scientists, we understand your needs as a researcher. Like you, we only want to use products that are specific and deliver reproducible results. We validate every one of our thousands of antibodies and research products in-house -- and against multiple ... PARP, a 116 kDa nuclear poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, appears to be involved in DNA repair in response to environmental stress (1). This protein can be cleaved by many ICE-like caspases in vitro (2,3) and is one of the main cleavage targets of caspase-3 in vivo (4,5). In human PARP, the cleavage occurs between Asp214 and Gly215, which separates ...Background. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2, KDR, Flk-1) is a major receptor for VEGF-induced signaling in endothelial cells. Upon ligand binding, VEGFR2 undergoes autophosphorylation and becomes activated (1). Major autophosphorylation sites of VEGFR2 are located in the kinase insert domain (Tyr951/996) and in the ...Three human LC3 isoforms (LC3A, LC3B, and LC3C) undergo posttranslational modifications during autophagy (6-9). Cleavage of LC3 at the carboxy terminus immediately following synthesis yields the cytosolic LC3-I form. During autophagy, LC3-I is converted to LC3-II through lipidation by a ubiquitin-like system involving Atg7 and Atg3 that allows ...Species Cross-Reactivity Key: Polyclonal Antibody for studying eNOS. Cited in 167 publications. Validated for Western Blotting. Highly specific and rigorously validated in-house, eNOS Antibody (CST #9572) is ready to ship.Western blot analysis of extracts from various cell lines using GAPDH (D16H11) XP ® Rabbit mAb. Simple Western™ analysis of lysates (0.1 mg/mL) from HeLa cells using GAPDH (D16H11) XP ® Rabbit mAb #5174. The virtual lane view (left) shows a single target band (as indicated) at 1:10 and 1:50 dilutions of primary antibody.Western blot analysis of extracts from various cell lines using GAPDH (14C10) Rabbit mAb. Simple Western™ analysis of lysates (0.01 mg/mL) from HeLa cells using GAPDH (14C10) Rabbit mAb #2118. The virtual lane view (left) shows a single target band (as indicated) at 1:10 and 1:50 dilutions of primary antibody.Learn & Support. Use this Directory to navigate to a wealth of informative resources about molecular targets and the protocols and tools needed to study them efficiently. Under …Flow cytometric analysis of HeLa (blue) and Karpas620 cells (green) using Blimp-1/PRDI-BF1 (C14A4) Rabbit mAb (solid lines) or a concentration-matched Rabbit (DA1E) mAb IgG XP ® Isotype Control #3900 (dashed lines). Anti-rabbit IgG (H+L), F (ab') 2 Fragment (Alexa Fluor ® 488 Conjugate) #4412 was used as a secondary antibody. Western blot ...Immediately scrape the cells off the plate and transfer the extract to a microcentrifuge tube. Keep on ice. Sonicate for 10–15 sec to complete cell lysis and shear DNA (to reduce sample viscosity). Heat a 20 µl sample to 95–100°C for 5 min; cool on ice. Microcentrifuge for 5 min.If you're looking for a career that you can feel good about with a company that cares about you, the environment, and our communities, look no further than Cell Signaling Technology. Check out our current career …Product Description. This Cell Signaling Technology antibody is conjugated to Alexa Fluor ® 647 fluorescent dye and tested in-house for direct flow cytometric analysis in human cells. This antibody is expected to exhibit the same species cross-reactivity as the unconjugated BiP (C50B12) Rabbit mAb #3177.Immunoprecipitation of TIM-3 from RPMI 8226 cell extracts. Lane 1 is 10% input, lane 2 is precipitated with Rabbit (DA1E) mAb IgG XP ® Isotype Control #3900, and lane 3 is TIM-3 (D5D5R ™) XP ® Rabbit mAb, #45208. Western blot was performed using TIM-3 (D5D5R ™) XP ® Rabbit mAb.If using antibodies from Cell Signaling Technology, please see recommended dilution listed on the datasheet or product webpage and calculate the amount (µg) of IgG antibody for negative control based on the Cell Signaling Antibody concentration for a fair comparison. Incubate IP samples 4 h to overnight at 4°C with rotation.CiteAb’s 2022 analysis shows Cell Signaling Technology has maintained a leading position as the vendor with the most antibodies in the top 100. This figure now stands at 36, an …Actin filaments have been labeled with DY-554 phalloidin (red). Flow cytometric analysis of HeLa cells (blue) and NTERA-2 cells (green) using Nanog (D73G4) XP ® Rabbit mAb. Western blot analysis of extracts from NCCIT, NTERA-2 and iPS cells using Nanog (D73G4) XP ® Rabbit mAb. Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human …Immediately scrape the cells off the plate and transfer the extract to a microcentrifuge tube. Keep on ice. Sonicate for 10–15 sec to complete cell lysis and shear DNA (to reduce sample viscosity). Heat a 20 µl sample to 95–100°C for 5 min; cool on ice. Microcentrifuge for 5 min.The c-Myc Antibody confirms silencing of c-Myc expression, and the p42 MAPK Antibody is used to control for protein loading and siRNA specificity. Western blot analysis of extracts from HeLa, BaF3 and NBT-11 cells, using c-Myc Antibody. Simple Western™ analysis of lysates (1 mg/mL) from HeLa cells using c-Myc Antibody #9402.Species Cross-Reactivity Key: Polyclonal Antibody for studying DRP1 (Ser616) phosphate. Cited in 343 publications. Validated for WB, IP, IF, F. Highly specific and rigorously validated in-house, Phospho-DRP1 (Ser616) Antibody (CST #3455) is ready to ship.Western blot analysis of extracts from control HeLa cells (lane 1) or Caspase-8 knockout HeLa cells (lane 2) using Caspase-8 (1C12) Mouse mAb #9746 (upper), or β-actin (13E5) Rabbit mAb #4970 (lower). The absence of signal in the Caspase-8-knockout HeLa cells confirms specificity of the antibody for Caspase-8.Specificity / Sensitivity. Phospho-4E-BP1 (Thr37/46) (236B4) Rabbit mAb detects endogenous levels of 4E-BP1 only when phosphorylated at Thr37 and/or Thr46. This antibody may cross-react with 4E-BP2 and 4E-BP3 when phosphorylated at equivalent sites. Non-specific staining has been observed in mitotic cells by immunofluorescence.The p44/42 MAPK (Erk1/2) signaling pathway can be activated in response to a diverse range of extracellular stimuli, including mitogens, growth factors, and cytokines (1-3), and research investigators consider it an important target in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer (4). Upon stimulation, a sequential three-part protein kinase cascade is ...The p44/42 MAPK (Erk1/2) signaling pathway can be activated in response to a diverse range of extracellular stimuli, including mitogens, growth factors, and cytokines (1-3), and research investigators consider it an important target in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer (4). Upon stimulation, a sequential three-part protein kinase cascade is ...Specificity / Sensitivity. Phospho-4E-BP1 (Thr37/46) (236B4) Rabbit mAb detects endogenous levels of 4E-BP1 only when phosphorylated at Thr37 and/or Thr46. This antibody may cross-react with 4E-BP2 and 4E-BP3 when phosphorylated at equivalent sites. Non-specific staining has been observed in mitotic cells by immunofluorescence.Cell Signaling Technology has an overall rating of 4.5 out of 5, based on over 132 reviews left anonymously by employees. 96% of employees would recommend working at Cell Signaling Technology to a friend and 96% have a positive outlook for the business. This rating has improved by 2% over the last 12 months.Storage. Supplied in 10 mM sodium HEPES (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCl, 100 µg/ml BSA, 50% glycerol and less than 0.02% sodium azide. Store at –20°C. Do not aliquot the antibody. For a carrier free (BSA and azide free) version of this product see product # 31235.The absence of signal in the HCT 116 knockout cells confirms the specificity of the antibody for LC3B. Western blot analysis of extracts from HeLa, C2C12, and KNRK cells, untreated (-) or treated with Chloroquine (50 μM, overnight; +) #14774 using LC3B (E5Q2K) Mouse mAb (upper) or β-Actin (D6A8) Rabbit mAb #8457 (lower). Background. Actin, a ubiquitous eukaryotic protein, is the major component of the cytoskeleton. At least six isoforms are known in mammals. Nonmuscle β- and γ-actin, also known as cytoplasmic actin, are ubiquitously expressed, controlling cell structure and motility (1). While all actin isoforms are highly homologous, cytoplasmic β- and γ ... Mar 14, 2023 · A complete, step-by-step walkthrough of the CUT&RUN Protocol included with the CUT&RUN Assay kit (#86652) from Cell Signaling Technology (CST). • Visit the ... Western blot analysis of extracts from various cell lines using GAPDH (D16H11) XP ® Rabbit mAb. Simple Western™ analysis of lysates (0.1 mg/mL) from HeLa cells using GAPDH (D16H11) XP ® Rabbit mAb #5174. The virtual lane view (left) shows a single target band (as indicated) at 1:10 and 1:50 dilutions of primary antibody.Product Description. The Senescence β-Galactosidase Staining Kit is designed to conveniently provide reagents needed to detect β-galactosidase activity at pH 6, a known characteristic of senescent cells. Papers have published using this kit in both cells and frozen tissue. The kit includes all reagents necessary for this assay.Similar to the SAPK/JNK pathway, p38 MAPK is activated by a variety of cellular stresses, including osmotic shock, inflammatory cytokines, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), UV light, and growth factors (1-5). MKK3, MKK6, and SEK activate p38 MAPK by phosphorylation at Thr180 and Tyr182.Our goal is to understand how signaling pathways are integrated at the molecular and systems levels to control cellular responses. We have two main focuses: First, we study … Immunoprecipitation of STING from HL-60 cell extracts using Rabbit (DA1E) mAb IgG XP ® Isotype Control #3900 (lane 2) or STING (D2P2F) Rabbit mAb (lane 3). Lane 1 is 10% input. Western blot analysis was performed using STING (D2P2F) Rabbit mAb. Species Cross-Reactivity Key: Polyclonal Antibody for studying DRP1 (Ser616) phosphate. Cited in 343 publications. Validated for WB, IP, IF, F. Highly specific and rigorously validated in-house, Phospho-DRP1 (Ser616) Antibody (CST #3455) is ready to ship.Background. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2, KDR, Flk-1) is a major receptor for VEGF-induced signaling in endothelial cells. Upon ligand binding, VEGFR2 undergoes autophosphorylation and becomes activated (1). Major autophosphorylation sites of VEGFR2 are located in the kinase insert domain (Tyr951/996) and in the ...We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.Supplied in 10 mM sodium HEPES (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCl, 100 µg/ml BSA, 50% glycerol and less than 0.02% sodium azide. Store at –20°C. Do not aliquot the antibody. For a carrier free (BSA and azide free) version of this product see product # 63411.Immunoprecipitation of Bax from HepG2 cells. Lane 1 is 10% input, lane 2 is precipitated with Rabbit (DA1E) mAb IgG XP ® Isotype Control #3900, and lane 3 is Bax (D2E11) Rabbit mAb, #5023. Western blot was performed … Refine Results. In the CST video library, you can watch how-to videos from the Tech Tips series to improve your technique, research webinars presented by scientists from CST and other institutions, and videos relevant for specific applications or disease research areas. Mcl-1 is an anti-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family originally isolated from the ML-1 human myeloid leukemia cell line during phorbol ester-induced differentiation along the monocyte/macrophage pathway (1). Similar to other Bcl-2 family members, Mcl-1 localizes to the mitochondria (2), interacts with and antagonizes pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family ...Cell biology research seeks to understand all aspects of cell growth, survival, and death in the contexts of both health and disease. Understanding the complex and dynamic cellular landscape can provide insights into healthy and disease states. Cell Signaling Technology (CST) provides a diverse and comprehensive catalog of rigorously tested and ...Lanes 1 & 2 are 5% input. Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of NCI-H1299 cells, untreated (left) or λ-phosphatase-treated (right), using Phospho-DRP1 (Ser616) Antibody (green). Actin filaments have been labeled with DY-554 phallodin (red). Blue pseudocolor = DRAQ5 ® (fluorescent DNA dye). Support Information. Please select the team or topic you would like to reach out to for support: Background. TAK1 is a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase that can be activated by TGF-β, bone morphogenetic protein and other cytokines including IL-1 (1,2). In vivo activation of TAK1 requires association with TAK1 binding protein 1 (TAB1), which triggers phosphorylation of TAK1 (3,4).Specificity and sensitivity of Phospho-p44/42 MAPK (Erk1/2) (Thr202/Tyr204) Antibody. The antibody reacts specifically with as little as 0.25 ng of phosphorylated p42 MAP kinase and does not cross-react with up to 4 µg of nonphosphorylated p42 MAP kinase. Western blot analysis of whole-cell extracts from unstarved wild-type mouse embryonic ... Background. Actin, a ubiquitous eukaryotic protein, is the major component of the cytoskeleton. At least six isoforms are known in mammals. Nonmuscle β- and γ-actin, also known as cytoplasmic actin, are ubiquitously expressed, controlling cell structure and motility (1). While all actin isoforms are highly homologous, cytoplasmic β- and γ ... Mar 14, 2023 · A complete, step-by-step walkthrough of the CUT&RUN Protocol included with the CUT&RUN Assay kit (#86652) from Cell Signaling Technology (CST). • Visit the ... Lane 1 is 10% input, lane 2 is Rabbit (DA1E) mAb IgG XP ® Isotype Control #3900, and lane 3 is β3-Tubulin (D71G9) XP ® Rabbit mAb. Western blot analysis was performed using β3-Tubulin (D71G9) XP ® Rabbit mAb. Mouse Anti-rabbit IgG (Conformation Specific) (L27A9) mAb #3678 was used as the secondary antibody. If using antibodies from Cell Signaling Technology, please see recommended dilution listed on the datasheet or product webpage and calculate the amount (µg) of IgG antibody for negative control based on the Cell Signaling Antibody concentration for a fair comparison. Incubate IP samples 4 h to overnight at 4°C with rotation.The c-Myc Antibody confirms silencing of c-Myc expression, and the p42 MAPK Antibody is used to control for protein loading and siRNA specificity. Western blot analysis of extracts from HeLa, BaF3 and NBT-11 cells, using c-Myc Antibody. Simple Western™ analysis of lysates (1 mg/mL) from HeLa cells using c-Myc Antibody #9402.Specificity / Sensitivity. Cleaved Caspase-3 (Asp175) (5A1E) Rabbit mAb detects endogenous levels of the large fragment (17/19 kDa) of activated caspase-3 resulting from cleavage adjacent to Asp175. This antibody does not recognize full-length caspase-3 or other cleaved caspases.Dana Seehale joined Cell Signaling Technology in February 2017 as Director, Lab Informatics, responsible for multiple technologies supporting Product Development and Production, including PDP/PLM, Core LIMS, and Jira. Her responsibilities were later expanded to include the PIM/STEP system and the Oracle EBS/EPortal platforms. Dana is now ... Background. Actin, a ubiquitous eukaryotic protein, is the major component of the cytoskeleton. At least six isoforms are known in mammals. Nonmuscle β- and γ-actin, also known as cytoplasmic actin, are ubiquitously expressed, controlling cell structure and motility (1). While all actin isoforms are highly homologous, cytoplasmic β- and γ ... Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of HEK293 (positive, left) and PANC-1 (negative, right) cells, using NKX2.5 (E1Y8H) Rabbit mAb (green). Actin filaments were labeled with DyLight ™ 554 Phalloidin #13054 (red). Blue pseudocolor = DRAQ5 ® #4084 (fluorescent DNA dye).Elucidate the mechanisms that drive neurodegenerative disease - including the molecular and cellular events related to the structure and function of cell types found in the brain including neurons, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes - with validated antibodies from Cell Signaling Technology (CST) for your research. Show More.Checking the Cell Signaling Technology ® (CST ®) website, you are in luck! There are mouse reactive flow-validated antibody conjugates available against each target: CD4 …Cell Signaling Technology (CST) a private company founded by scientist, understands your need to make decision with confidence, providing the best-in-class products and services. No vendor is more stringent about antibody validation than CST, so when you partner with us you get results you can trust faster, to move your oncology project forward ...Polyclonal Antibody for studying H3 (Ser10) phosphate. Cited in 1110 publications. Validated for WB, IHC, IF. Available in 2 sizes. Highly specific and rigorously validated in-house, Phospho-Histone H3 (Ser10) Antibody (CST #9701) is ready to ship.Confocal immunofluorescent images of HUVEC cells untreated (left) or stimulated with Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) #9943 (right) and labeled with Phospho-VEGF Receptor 2 (Tyr1175) (19A10) Rabbit mAb #2478 (top, green) and VEGF Receptor 2 (55B11) Rabbit mAb (bottom, green). Blue pseudocolor = DRAQ5 ® (fluorescent DNA dye).CD31 (Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1: PECAM-1), a member of the Ig superfamily of cell adhesion molecules, is expressed by circulating platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, some T cells, and endothelial cells and …Product Description. This Cell Signaling Technology antibody is conjugated to Alexa Fluor ® 647 fluorescent dye and tested in-house for direct flow cytometric analysis in human cells. This antibody is expected to exhibit the same species cross-reactivity as the unconjugated BiP (C50B12) Rabbit mAb #3177. Learn & Support. Use this Directory to navigate to a wealth of informative resources about molecular targets and the protocols and tools needed to study them efficiently. Under "Education & Resources" you will find links to a large collection of educational resources, including our PhosphoSitePlus® PTM Database, useful reference tables, guides ... Immediately scrape the cells off the plate and transfer the extract to a microcentrifuge tube. Keep on ice. Sonicate for 10–15 sec to complete cell lysis and shear DNA (to reduce sample viscosity). Heat a 20 µl sample to 95–100°C for 5 min; cool on ice. Microcentrifuge for 5 min.Cell Signaling Technology (CST) | 21,261 followers on LinkedIn. CST is a private, family-owned company, founded by scientists and dedicated to providing high-quality research tools. | Founded by .... 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